Proposal
Emigrate for The Jobs
By Dipl.- Ing Jin Y. K i m
WWW.New Hope for Haiti. Org
To the Government of Republic of Haiti
C O N T E N T
1. Global statistics for Emigration
2. History of movement for Job seeking
3. Korean Emigration as Sample Case
4. Money Transfer from Abroad to Mexico and Philippine
5. Future Influence of Emigrant
A) Economic Impulse
B) Easy Immigration for Families
C) Upgrade of Culture
6. Governmental Institutional Organization Help Center
A) Financial Help
B) School System
C) English Institute & Laboratory
D) Basic Skill Training Institute
E) Examination Test Laboratory
F) Think-Tank Institute
G) Cultural Adaptation & Miscellaneous Help Center
7. The Reasons Why they have to Emigrate
8. Example Case for Condition of Immigration
1) Global Statistics for Emigration
A) Canada
2008 Canadian immigration resident statistics are as follow:
247,200 permanent resident: 70,000 more than 1998. The Canadian Government had a target of 240,000 to 250,000 new permanent residents for the year.
‘Our government will not follow the advice of those who believe that Canada should take steps to reduce immigration levels. In fact, we are maintaining our planned immigration level for 2009’ said Minister Kenny.
‘As Minister responsible for multiculturalism, I am particularly concerned by short-sighted, divisive rhetoric that pies immigrants against Canadian in our economy.”
Haiti Immigrants in Canada by year
1996 : 711
1997 : 2,311
1998 : 1,417
1999 : 1,486
2001 : 2,025
2002 : 1,398
B) USA:
The USA remains one of the most popular countries in the world as an immigration destination. The US has over 60 types US visas.
a) New bill passed for RN, feb. 18. 2009
http://www.washingtonwatch.com/bills/show/111 HR 1001 htm#user comments
Nursing Relief Act of 2009 - Amends the Immigration an Nationality
Act to establish a nonimmigrant visa category (W-visa) for an alien coming to the United States to work as a professional nurse.
H1A visa:
Each year USA takes 50,000+20% (condition see chapter 8 for nurse case)
Below workers are commonly required in USA.
It / Computer professionals
University professors and teachers
Engineers
Healthcare workers
Accountants
Financial analysts
Management consultants
Layers
Architects
Nurses
Physicians (work permit.com offers a special guide for foreign doctors and physicians interested in obtaining an H-1B visa)
Surgeons
Dentists
Scientists
Systems analysts
Journalists and editors
Foreign law advisors
Psychologists
Technical publications writers
Market research analysts
Teachers in elementary or secondary schools or colleges
b) There is currently no open entry visa quota for the skilled as immigrant except nurse in the United States. However last year subcommittees in both the House and Senate opened approximately 200,000 nursing and technical positions.
This bill will probably be passed by both Houses this year(2009).
Http://www.washingtonwatch.com/bills/show/111 HR 1001. htm#user
Comments :
Nursing Relief Act of 2009 - Amends the Immigration and Nationality Act to establish a nonimmigrant visa category (W-visa) for an alien coming to the United States to work as a professional nurse.
c) Graph for numbers of immigrations for USA by year
d) Haitian immigrants to USA :
2006 : 22,226
2007 : 30,405
2008 : 26,007
In USA, total immigrants in official and unofficial categories are Aprox. One million.
C) Australian & New Zealand
Australia : Acquisition of citizenship by immigrants
1996 : 111,637
1997 : 108,266
1998 : 112,343
1999 : 76,474
2000 : 70,836
2001 : 72,070
2002 : 86,289
2003 : 79,164
2004 : 86,992
2005 : 93,067
2006 : 103,350
Australia is an extremely popular destination for highly skilled young people wishing to start a new life in another country. The country’s economy is strong and Australia is actively encouraging the immigration of skilled migrants.
Australia’s Migration Program for 2007-2008 provides for up to 152,800 places
( SOURCE ; Government of Australia, Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs )
New Zealand :
Australia and New Zealand have an agreement which allows labor easy work in both countries.
Result : For skilled workers
Canada Ca.150,000
USA Ca.200,000
Australia Ca.100,000
New Zealand 20,000 Total Qt’y: 500,000 workers/ year
Emigrating is not a new way but an old way. Everybody has done it from the beginning of human history. Even animals and birds also do this. That is the common way, it is not a strange way. That seems the proper way to balance population and workforce.
2. History of Movement of Job seeking
1) In the Bible Abraham moved to Egypt to find food and lived with his family in Appr. B.C.4000. He came back again later. Also his son & grandson Jacob went to Egypt to get food and came back with Mosses.
2)Movement from rural to urban for better earning and quality of life started in 1750 during the industrial revolution. The invention of steam power brought mass production which could be sold or distributed by merchants who had developed trading. Such trade is made not only locally but also globally by English colonialism. Global economy grew up through mercantile activity. The global economy brought about the movement of human being. Where work is, the people come to find it. Merchants traded and brought movement of goods and people in 1700-1800 to make money for the merchants.
3) In this time all free people live globally. They are looking for a quality of life. They are seeking jobs globally to improve quality of life for themselves and their families.
3. Korean Emigration as Sample Case
I was born in 1938 and am now 70 years old. I immigrated to the USA. I want to as witness how Korea was developed because our conditions were the same or worse than Haiti.
We were occupied and colonized by Japan until 1945. After the republic of Korea was founded we had nothing to eat. There was no industry and no natural resources such as gas, oil, gold, copper, etc. We had only people. In 1950 North Korea invaded us. During the war American warplanes destroy everything.
At that time I was 13years old, 5th grade in elementary school, everybody was hungry and no clothes against the cold winter. There were no cars, no hospitals, it was a real catastrophe. And there was a grade 4 typhoon named Sarah. We were under curfew due to cholera. No electricity was intermittent as Haiti now.
Never saw air condition, radio or TV set. No refrigerator in kitchen. School tuition was not paid, so class rooms were closed. Let’s compare Haiti and Korea. The GNP of Korea was $100 (1963 of GNP per Capita) but Haiti has a $1,300(GNP-per Capita of $1,300.,2008 est.). You can imagine how bad the Korean situation was. Now Korea has a GNP of $20,000 per Capita.
In 1963 Nurses started to emigrated to West Germany which had an economics boom from the Marshal Plan after World War II. Also male miners to emigrate to West Germany. Later MAN / Skilled workers. They earned money and transferred to Korea to help their families. Approx. 30,000 were dispatched.
In 1968, During the Vietnam War many workers were dispatched to help US troops, such as truck drivers, patrol men, and stevedores etc. About 120,000 workers in all. A part of their earned money came to Korea for support to their families.
In 1970 Korean nurse started to immigrate to the USA. They did same as above. My wife came as nurse in 1974. Approx. 300,000 were came to the USA as immigrants.
In 1974, Middle East construction boom took place, Korean workers were dispatched to Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Libya, Doha, Bahrain, Yemen, Jordan, Egypt, etc. Approx. 150,000 were dispatched.
The Korean government is organized to provide special services for workers who want to go abroad. These service will mentioned in Chapter 6 ‘Governmental Institutional Organization Help Center’
Money came from abroad to their families and friends. They started to build infrastructure and technology. Industry started from nothing for example, shirts were made with supplied materials from abroad. Stuffed toys, shoes such as Nike, and garments. All exports were simple labor intensive products.
Later we started to build factories for heavy industry such as autos, shipyard, and machine shops, chemical plants oil refineries and electronics for computer chip and cell phone.
The whole world is considered a single community served by electronic media and information technology.
Such an emigration dash with the Christian’s beliefs and good state administration was a miracle that allowed Korea, a nation in poverty, to recover between 1955 to 2000 as an example for world history.
The Gospel(Protestant Christian Believers) increased from 1% to 25% of total population during Korean development from 1955 to 2004. This is real fact. The religion has influence the attitude of a developing country (as positive thinking with hope). The same as America since the Puritan arrived began development.
There was a president Park who is now evaluated as a good president during that times. Also busisnes men took every construction works in foreign countries.
4. Money Transfer from Abroad to Mexico and Philippine
a) Mexico :
From 2000 to 2006, the amount of money transfers (i.e. remittances) from Mexican workers in the US to friends and/or relatives living in Mexico grew significantly year after year.
In 2004, funds transferred to Mexico were $16.6 billion.
In 2005 this remittance money reached $20 billion and
In 2006, $24 billion was sent to Mexico, making US remittance money the second source of US dollars after oil exports in Mexico.
In 2007 the figure was 25 billion dollars
b) Philippine :
According to Philippine economic indicators, the remittances of Overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) exceed foreign direct investment in the country. Remittances per annum amount to about US$12-17 billion, which only includes those working legally abroad, whereas many OFWs working in domestic and other service work are undocumented.
c) Haiti:
workers’ remittances and compensation of employees, received ( US$ and Million)
2000 131,519 2005 265,994
2006 302,720 2007 336,851 (= 0.336billion)
(Source: World Development Indicator database, Sept 2008 )
d) India $27 billion,
China $25.7 billion,
Mexico $25 billion,
Philippines $17 billion,
France $12.5 billion
Haiti 0.3billion
The above is top world recipients of migrants’ remittance
( Sources: In 2008 Migration and Remittance Face book 2008 )
5. Future Influence of Emigration :
a) Economy Impulse
b) Easy Immigration of family
c) Upgrade of the culture
These situations came during and after the beginning of emigration, and caused the following effects for 2-3 years long.
A) Economy Impulse :
Emigrants had to pay back loans to their family they borrowed for emigration. Also they provided money to family as an act of love and help. Money can impact economies in the form of cash.
Families can provide more tuition for children for further education, the school industry is booming, teacher’s salaries improved. Parent build better houses and the construction industry is also booming. The construction industry is accelerated and all other manufacturing for housing supply. Air lines bring workers from foreign countries to home vice versa. Shipping industry becomes busy carrying all materials needed. Consumers spend more money than expected. All sectors move and accelerate in an economic boom. This will happen at the beginning of emigration and it takes 2-3 years depend on close family relationship.
B) Easy Immigration for the family
All foreign countries allow immigrants to bring family. It is easy way for families to immigrate after the worker has obtained citizenship or permanent residency. Doubling the number of emigrations after 3-4 years brings more money to the country.
C) Upgrade of culture
Immigrants foster more democracy and respect for people because of what immigrants learn abroad. They also foster desires of education for brothers sisters and friends, because they will want to emulate immigrant did.
6. Governmental Institutional Organization Help Center
a) Financial Help Center
Who will help the people who have no money for required expenses to pay. Most of people are struggling to survive.
Mass quantity processing reduced costs of emigration. Information for immigration is very diverse intensive, varied and time consuming for individual. It is normally handled by lawyer whose fee is not affordable to most people.
The fees are as follow. It varies by country. Some example :
Photo US$ 10. Legalization by notary US$ 15. Dispatching fee(DHL)$ 45. Processing fee by consulate $250. Lawyer fee, $2000,---
Application Quantity Price(CS)/Unit Total(CS)
Right of Permanent
Residence Fee $490.00 $490.00
Family Class
Principal applicant $475.00 $475.00
Other classes of applicants -
Skilled Workers, Provincial
Nominees, Canadian
Experience Class
Principal applicant $550.00 $550.00
Temporary Residence
Single entry to Canada $75.00 $75.00
Work Permits
Work Permit (including
Extensions) $150.00 $150.000
Total CAD$1,740.00
Air ticket $ 600.00, Three month living allowance CAD$ 2,300
Total US$ 5,748.00 -- Without family member (1US$=0.7CAD$)
Mass quantity of skilled workers could lower cost. Therefore Governmental intervention and organization is needed. This will bring mass quantity, which could dramatic reduce costs.
Alternatively, the government can give bridge loans to migratory candidates. .
b) School System
English is required for every country. Language is not mastered one day, it needs years of practice from childhood. The best solution is to start English from 2nd grade elementary school, Korea has done so.
Other countries, such as the Philippine, India, Singapore also are learning in elementary school. These countries rank at the top emigration in the world. Curriculum should be changed to provide more hours for English in middle school and high school. Universities should take lectures in English later.
c) English Institute & Laboratory
Low cost or free English school with laboratory for English exercises is required from youth to adulthood.
d) Basic Skill Training Institute
Unskilled workers should be trained in the institute for various professions that Canada requires.
There are 38 profession group listed below :
0111 : Financial Managers
0213 : Computer and Information Systems Managers
0311 : Managers in Health Care
0631 : Restaurant and Food Service Managers
0632 : Accommodation Service Managers
0711 : Construction Managers
1111 : Financial Auditors and Accountants
2113 : Geologists, Geochemists and Geophysicists
2143 : Mining Engineers
2144 : Geological Engineers
2145 : Petroleum Engineers
3111 : Specialist Physicians
3112 : General Practitioners and Family Physicians
3141 : Audiologists and Speech Language Pathologists
3143 : Occupational Therapists
3142 : Physiotherapists
3151 : Head Nurses and Supervisors
3152 : Registered Nurses RN
3215 : Medical Radiation Technologists
3233 : Licensed Practical Nurses LPN
4121 : University Professors
4131 : College and Other Vocational Instructors
6241 : Chefs
6242 : Cooks
7213 : Contractors and Supervisors, Pipefitting Trades
7215 : Contractors and Supervisors, Carpentry Trades
7217 : Contractors and Supervisors, Heavy Construction Equipment Crews
7241 : Electricians (Except Industrial and Power System)
7242 : Industrial Electricians
7251 : Plumbers
7252 : Steamfitters, Pipe fitters and Sprinkler System Installers
7265 : Welders and Related Machine Operators
7312 : Heavy-Duty Equipment Mechanics
7371 : Crane Operators
7372 : Drillers and Blaster - Surface Mining, Quarrying and Construction
8221 : Supervisors, Mining and Quarrying
8222 : Supervisors, Oil and Gas Drilling and Service
9212 : Supervisors, Petroleum, Gas and Chemical Processing and Utilities
There are many jobs which can be learned in a few years. They need a school to learn it free of charge or with loans to be repaid after schooling.
e) Examination Test Laboratory
The selection of workers from foreign governments require examinations such as English, French and NCLEX-RN for nurse, etc. There should be a laboratory for examination preparation.
f) Think-Tank Institute
A think tank (also called a policy institute) is an organization or group that conducts research and engages in advocacy in areas such as emigration policy.
g) Cultural Adaptations Training and Miscellaneous Help
Every country has its own culture and has different customs and ethics. Before entering the country, one should be informed about what to do or not. Also vaccinations, health checks, background checks, document legalization, for passport, photograph and proper prepared of immigration documents. Procedures booking air line tickets and financing for first three months living expenses and job finding should be provided. So many thing are all new and strange for emigrants. They should be informed and trained and helped.
7. The Reasons why Haitians have to Emigrate :
Haiti has few natural resources such as oil and mineral (gold, silver, coal etc.). No big land available for agriculture and cattle breeding. No industrial back ground and limited ancestral technical knowledge. Basic material such as sheet metal and steel pipe are not available. And so on.
What you have is people, which is your best resources. Haitians are willing to study and work, therefore I strongly recommend to export manpower. They will come back with money and they will stay Haitian loyally and they will love Haiti forever even if it is hard to believe. Every emigrants becomes patriot for mother country.
If they emigrate from Haiti and they will create jobs in Haiti by vacating their own job. It has a multiple effect with one stone hitting many birds such as below :
1) Prove money to improve living conditions,
2) Create new jobs in Haiti,
3) Make economic impulses by positively influencing every industrial sector,
4) You can serve better your Lord in or outside Haiti,
Following table shows how much money and how many skilled worker to send.
$1,000 per month/nurse ($ 5,000 will be earn per month)
$12,000 per year/nurse
$1,200,000 per year/100 nurses 1.2 million US dollars
$12,000,000 per year/1000 nurses 12.0 million US dollars
$120,000,000 per year/10,000 nurses 0.12 billion US dollars
$1,200,000,000 per year/100,000 nurses 1.2 billion US dollars
This shows your budget 2008
Budget : (Haiti Government)
Revenues : $820.6 million
Expenditures : $965.2 million (2008 est.)
You need to emigrate 200,000 workers which is 200,000/9,000,000=0.022. It means 2.2% percent to send out. (Assumed each worker send $500 per month to send home)
Other country examples :
Mexico : US$25 billion ($25,000,000,000) were transferred.
Philippine : US$13 billion ($13,000,000,000) were transferred.
The whole world is a single community and one labor market serves by electronic media, information technology and airlines. Labor markets in the world are sufficient. How to approach the markets to adapt and adjust people to fit, it is the main question remained. It requires long and short term plans for each individual and nation.
Conclusion :
I think God give us a lot of possibility to over come from poverty and hungry but we don’t follow through what supposed to do. I propose that Haiti government to establish Governmental Institutional Organization Help Center for emigration and change school system to more English lesson.
8. Example Case for Condition of Immigration
a) US permanent residence for nurses living overseas example.
If the RN resides abroad, the following steps must be completed before the nurse may be employed in the U.S. :
1. The RN must have :
a. A diploma from a nursing school in her country;
b. An RN license in her country; and
c. A full and unrestricted license to practice professional nursing in the state of intended employment, or a certification issued by the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools (CGFNS), or evidence that she has passed the NCLEX-RN licensing examination but cannot obtain a license because she lacks a social security number.
Although some states require that foreign nurses pass the CGFNS examination before taking the state RN licensing (NCLEX) examination, the number of such states is on the decline. This is because, as of January 2005, it became possible to take the NCLEX abroad in (1) Hong Kong; (2) London, England; or (3) Seoul, Korea.
On January 24, 2006, the National council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) announced that within the next year, it will be possible to take the NCLEX in Australia, India, Japan, Mexico, Canada, Germany and Taiwan as well as the three locations named above. In addition, RNs residing abroad may take the NCLEX in Guam and Saipan.
2. RNs together with physical therapists are listed as shortage, or “Schedule A”, occupations in regulations issued by the Department of Labor. An employer who wishes to immigrate an RN is exempt from having to submit a PERM application to the Department of Labor.
The immigration process begins when an employer submits in immigrant visa petition (Form I-140) to the service center of the US Citizenship and Immigration Services having jurisdiction over the nurse’s place of intended employment. The petition must be accompanied by Labor Department from ETA-9089, by a posting notice, a prevailing wage determination and by various other documents. The petition should also be accompanied by a check for filing fees.
3. US Citizenship and Immigration Services sends the approved visa petition to the National Visa Center (NVC) in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The nurse (or her attorney) receives a “fee bill” asking for all government processing fees to be paid in advance of processing her application and those of her immediate family members. After the fees are paid, the NVC forwards a packet to the nurse or her attorney containing biographical information forms to be completed by her and her family members, and a list of documents which must be submitted.
4. The RN, or her attorney, sends the signed and completed forms and documents to the NVC which then schedules an appointment for an Immigrant Visa for the RN and her family at the U.S. Consulate or Embassy where they will have their interviews for permanent residence. At this interview, the government will examine various documents including :
a. Applications for Immigrant Visas
b. Police Clearances
c/ Birth Certificates
d. Marriage Certificate, if any
e. Divorce or Death Certificate of Spouse, if any
f. Valid Passports
g. Medical Examinations
h. Photographs
i. Recent job offer letter (or employment contract)
j. Financial information regarding employer
k. Government filing fees
I. VisaScreen Certificate
A VisaScreen Certificate is issued only after the RN has demonstrated that(1) her education, license and training in her country are equivalent to education, licensure and training in the U.S. and that
(2) her level of competence in oral and written English are appropriate to practice professional nursing in the U.S.
The CIS regulations provide that the only organization authorized to issue VisaScreen certificates to RNs is the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools (CGFNS), the organization which is listed in para.343. The CGFNS is located at 3600 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-2651; telephone : (215) 349-8767; fax: (215) 349-0026; e-mail: support@cgfns.org
The CIS’s VisaScreen regulations provide that even if a foreign-born RN is educated, licensed and trained in the U.S., she still must obtain a VisaScreen certificate. However, such RNs may be able to obtain a certificate on a streamlined basis. Obtaining such a certificate requires a significant expenditure of time, effort and money (over $300) on the part of the nurse.
Unless the nurse was educated in an English-speaking country (U.S., Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, United Kingdom or Canada - all provinces except (Quebec), she must achieve a certain minimum score on tests in written and spoken English administered by TOEFL (Test Of English As a Foreign Language), IELTS(International English Language Testing Service) or the TOEIC(Test of English in International Communications).
Also, if the RN registered for the MELAB (Michigan English Language Assessment Battery) before November 27, 2002, this result may be sent to the CGFNS for VisaScreen purposes.
Passing scores for RNs on English exams are as follows : Band Score, 7.0 Speaking
TOEFL: Paper-Based 540; TOEFL Computer-Based 207; Test of Written English (TWE) 4.0; Test of Spoken English (TSE) 50.
TOEIC: 725; plus TWE: 4.0 and TSE: 50.
Passing scores for the MELAB were as follows : Final Score 79+; Oral Interview 3+.
Generally, the process of obtaining permanent residence may take between 12 to 18 months assuming that the immigrant visa quota from the RN’s country of birth is not backlogged.
b) Some other examples such as USA Requirements
Kennedy health co. is committed to giving you complete and accurate information about the terms and conditions of the positions available to you before you choose and employer and come to the USA. We believe this kind of transparency is what distinguishes us from other recruiting agencies. In order for a foreign nurse to secure a nursing position in the US, he/she must meet the following three requirements :
Hold a nursing school diploma
Hold a valid nursing license in his/her home country.
Pass the NCLEX exam
Pass the NCLEX exam
In order for a foreign nurse to apply to Kennedy Healthcare, they should meet the first two requirements (hold a nursing school diploma and a valid nursing license). Our clients should be planning to take the CGFNS or the NCLEX exam. We oversee the examination process, and in all cases, we offer to pay for the examination fee, and provide test preparation materials free of charge. Please continue reading to learn more about the process.
B) Canada/Quebec skill worker case
Skilled workers and professionals :
Skilled workers are people who are selected as permanent residents based on their ability to become economically established in Canada.
Federal skilled worker applications received on or after February 27, 2008 are now assessed for eligibility according to a set of instructions issued by the Minister of Citizenship, Immigration and Multiculturalism.
You can find out more about the instructions in the Learn about section at the bottom of this page.
Your application will be reviewed in three steps.
1. According to the Minister’s instructions, your application is eligible for processing if:
. you have an offer of arranged employment, OR
. you are a foreign national who has been living legally in Canada for
One year as a temporary foreign worker or an international student,
OR
. you are a skilled worker who has at least one year of experience in one or more of the occupations listed here.
2. If your application is eligible for processing, you must also meet the following minimum requirements to qualify as a skilled worker :
. you have at least one year of continuous full-time paid work
Experience or the equivalent in part-time continuous employment,
AND
. your work experience must be Skill Type 0 (managerial occupations) or Skill Level A (professional occupations) or B (technical occupations and skilled trades) on the Canadian National Occupational Classification list, AND
. you must have had this experience within the last 10 years.
3. If you meet these minimum requirements, your application will then be processed according to the six selection factors in the skilled worker points grid. The six selection factors are :
. your education
. your abilities in English and/or French, Canada’s two official
Languages
. your work experience
. your age
. whether you have arranged employment in Canada, and
. your adaptability
Your must also show that have enough money to support yourself and your dependants after you arrive in Canada.
If you are not sure if you should apply as a skilled worker, you can:
. Use the eligibility tool to get an idea of whether your application
Would be eligible for processing, then
. Try a self-assessment test to see if you might earn enough points
To qualify.
There are many ways to immigrate to Canada. If you don’t meet the criteria to apply under the Federal Skilled Worker Program, you may qualify under another category. Lean more about your options.
C) Australia Case
Overview
This program, also known as the General Skilled Migration program, is for people who are not sponsored by an employer and who have skills in particular occupations required in Australia. Applicants must be over 18 and under 45 years of age, with good English language ability, and recent skilled work experience of a recently completed eligible Australian qualification.
Applicants must also have skills and qualifications for an occupation listed on Australia’s Skilled Occupation list (SOL).
See: Form 1121i Skilled Occupation list (SOL) and Employer Nominated Skilled Occupation List (ENSOL)
Visa Options
There is a range of visa options under the General Skilled Migration program. This includes information for people who applied for a provisional skilled visa before 1 September 2007.
Increase your chances of job offer in Australia
Have your qualifications and employment history listed on your Skill Matching Database. The database is accessed by employers and State and Territory governments who may then nominate you for migration.
A key advantage is that you may find a job before arriving in Australia.
How to have your skills recognized in Australia
Find out how to get an assessment of your qualifications, skills or experience gained overseas. Also find State-specific licensing and registration requirements to practice your occupation in Australia.
--The End--
